HOMEWORK

Dear All,
You you remember, we learnt how to respınd an e-mail (check the details on page 108).
Write an e-mail to your teacher/friend/neighbor....Use the tenses you have learnt (Simple Present, Present Con., Simple Past, Past Cont.). Remember to link your ideas with but, although, however, so, and because.

Deadline: 31st March

Best
:)

SHORT STORIES

Dear All!

After reading your stories, it would be great to share a summary.

Thanks:)

UNIT 5

FUTURE FORMS 

1. When we know about the future we normally use the present tense.

• We use the present simple for something scheduled or arranged:

We have a lesson next Monday.
The train arrives at 6.30 in the morning.
The holidays start next week.
It is my birthday tomorrow.

• We can use the present continuous for plans or arrangements:

I’m playing football tomorrow.
They are coming to see us tomorrow.
We’re having a party at Christmas.

2. We use will to talk about the future:

• When we make predictions:

It will be a nice day tomorrow.
I think Brazil will win the World Cup.
I’m sure you will enjoy the film.

• To mean want to or be willing to:
  
  I hope you will come to my party.                                                                   George says he will help us.
  • To make offers and promises:
  I'll see you tomorrow.
  We'll send you an email.
  • To talk about offers and promises:
  Tim will be at the meeting.
  Mary will help with the cooking.
  3. We use (be) going to:
  • To talk about plans and intentions:
  I’m going to drive to work today.
  They are going to move to Manchester.
  • When we can see that something is likely to happen:
  Be careful! You are going to fall.
  Look at those black clouds. I think it’s going to rain.
  
  4. We often use verbs like would like, plan, want, mean, hope, expect to talk about the future:
  What are you going to do next year? I’d like to go to University.                          We plan to go to France for our holidays.
  George wants to buy a new car.
  5. We use modals may, might, and could when we are not sure about the future:
  I might stay at home tonight, or I might go to the cinema.
  We could see Mary at the meeting. She sometimes goes.
  6. We can use should if we think something is likely to happen:
  We should be home in time for tea.
  The game should be over by eight o’clock.
  7. Clauses with time words:
  In clauses with time words like when, after, and until we often use a present tense form to talk about the future:                                                                                  I’ll come home when I finish work.
  You must wait here until your father comes.
  They are coming after they have had dinner.
  8. Clauses with if:
  In clauses with if we often use a present tense form to talk about the future:
  We won’t be able to go out if it rains.
  If Barcelona win tomorrow they will be champions.
  WARNING: We do not normally use will in clauses with if or with time words:
  I’ll come home when I will finish work.
  We won’t be able to go out if it will rain rains.
  But we can use will if it means a promise or offer:
  I will be very happy if you will come to my party.
  We should finish the job early if George will help us.
  9. We can use the future continuous instead of the present continuous or going to for emphasiswhen we are talking about plans, arrangements and intentions:
  They’ll be coming to see us next week.
  I will be driving to work tomorrow.

EXERCISE 

GERUNDS VS INFINITIVES

Here are some of the most common verbs that are usually followed by the gerund:

enjoy	I enjoyed living in France
fancy	I fancy seeing a film tonight
discuss	We discussed going on holiday together
dislike	I dislike waiting for buses
finish	We've finished preparing for the meeting
mind	I don't mind coming early
suggest	He suggested staying at the Grand Hotel
recommend	They recommended meeting earlier
keep	He kept working, although he felt ill
avoid	She avoided talking to her boss

And here are some common verbs followed by 'to' and the infinitive:

agree	She agreed to give a presentation at the meeting
ask*	I asked to leave early / I asked him to leave early
decide	We decided to go out for dinner
help*	He helped to clean the kitchen / he helped his flatmate to clean the kitchen
plan	She plans to buy a new flat next year
hope	I hope to pass the exam
learn	They are learning to sing
want*	I want to come to the party / I want him to come to the party
would like*	I would like to see her tonight / I would like you to see her tonight
promise	We promised not to be late

Exercise 1

Here are some more verbs that are usually followed by the gerund:

miss	She misses living near the beach
appreciate	I appreciated her helping me.
delay	He delayed doing his taxes.
postpone	He postponed returning to Paris
practise	She practised singing the song.
consider	She considered moving to New York.
can't stand	He can't stand her smoking in the office.
can't help	He can't help talking so loudly.
risk	He risked being caught.
admit	He admitted cheating on the test.

And here are some more verbs followed by 'to' and the infinitive:

can afford	We can't afford to go on holiday.
manage	He managed to open the door without the key.
prepare*	They prepared to take the test / the teachers prepared the students to take the test.
demand	He demanded to speak to Mr. Harris.
choose	I chose to help.
offer	Frank offered to drive us to the supermarket.
wait	She waited to buy a movie ticket.
would hate*	I'd hate to be late / I'd hate you to be late.
would love*	I'd love to come / I'd love him to come.
seem	Nancy seemed to be disappointed.

Exercise 2

Here are some more verbs that are usually followed by the gerund:

deny	He denied committing the crime.
mention	He mentioned going to that college.
imagine	He imagines working there one day.
tolerate	I tolerated her talking.
understand	I understand his quitting.
involve	The job involves travelling to Japan once a month.
complete	He completed renovating the house.
report	He reported her stealing the money.
anticipate	I anticipated arriving late.
recall	Tom recalled using his credit card at the store.

And here are some more verbs followed by 'to' and the infinitive:

expect*	They expect to arrive early / they expect Julie to arrive early
intend	We intend to visit you next spring.
pretend	The child pretended to be a monster.
refuse	The guard refused to let them enter the building.
tend	He tends to be a little shy.
would prefer*	I'd prefer to do it / I'd prefer him to do it.
deserve	He deserves to go to jail.
appear	His health appeared to be better.
arrange	Naomi arranged to stay with her cousin in Miami.
claim	She claimed to be a princess.

Exercise 3

These verbs can be followed by either the gerund or the infinitive with a change in meaning.

Remember + gerund

This is when you remember something that has happened in the past. You have a memory of it, like being able to see a movie of it in your head.

• I remember going to the beach when I was a child. (= I have a memory of going to the beach).
• He remembers closing the door. (= He has a memory of closing the door).

Remember + to + infinitive

This is when you think of something that you need to do. (And usually, you then do the thing).

• I remembered to buy milk. (= I was walking home and the idea that I needed milk came into my head, so I bought some).
• She remembered to send a card to her grandmother.

Forget + gerund

This is the opposite of remember + gerund. It's when you forget about a memory, something that you've done in the past.

• Have we really studied this topic before? I forget reading about it.
• I told my brother that we'd spent Christmas at Granny's house in 1985, but he'd forgotten going there.

Forget + to + infinitive

This is the opposite of remember + to + infinitive. It's when you want to do something, but you forget about it.

• I forgot to call my mother. (= I wanted to call my mother, but when it was a good time to call her, I forgot. I was thinking about something else, and the idea to call my mother didn't come into my head).
• She keeps forgetting to bring his book back.

Try + gerund

This is when you do something as an experiment. The thing you do is not difficult, but you want to see if doing it will have the result that you want.

• I wanted to stop smoking, so I tried using nicotine patches. (= Using nicotine patches was easy, but I wanted to know if it would help me stop smoking).
• She tried giving up chocolate, but it didn't help her lose weight. (It was easy for her to give up chocolate. She gave it up to see if it would help her lose weight, but it didn't).

Try + to + infinitive

This is when the thing you do itself is difficult and you don't succeed in doing it.

• I tried to lift the suitcase, but it was too heavy.
• She tried to catch the bus, but she couldn't run fast enough.

Look at the difference:

• I tried giving up chocolate (it was no problem to stop eating chocolate) but it didn't make me feel more healthy.
• I tried to give up chocolate, but it was too hard. I always ate some when my friends offered it to me.

• It was too hot in the room. I tried opening the window (it was easy to open the window). It didn't help though, because it was very hot outside too.
• I tried to open the window, but I couldn't because it was stuck.

Stop + gerund

When we stop doing something it means the verb in the gerund is the thing that we stop. It can mean 'stop forever' or 'stop at that moment'.

• I stopped working when I was expecting a baby. (Working is the thing I stopped).
• My grandmother stopped driving when she was 85. (Driving is the thing she stopped).

• My boss came into the room, so I stopped browsing the internet.
• There was a fire alarm, so I stopped eating and went outside.

Stop + to + infinitive

In this case, we stop something else in order to do the verb in the infinitive.

• I stopped to eat lunch. (I stopped something else, maybe working or studying, because I wanted to eat lunch.
• She was shopping and she stopped to get a cup of coffee. (She stopped shopping because she wanted to get a cup of coffee).

Look at the difference:

• I stopped smoking. (I gave up cigarettes OR I threw away my cigarette at that moment).
• I stopped to smoke. (I stopped doing something else because I wanted to have a cigarette).

Regret + gerund

This is when you are sorry about something you did in the past and you wish you hadn't done it.

• I regret going to bed so late. I'm really tired today.
• She regrets leaving school when she was sixteen. She wishes that she had studied more and then gone to university.

Regret + to + infinitive

We use this construction when we are giving someone bad news, in quite a formal way. The verb is almost always something like 'say' or 'tell' or 'inform'.

• I regret to tell you that the train has been delayed.
• The company regrets to inform employees that the London office will close next year.

Exercise 4

PHRASAL VERBS:

look up a word

fall out with someone

look after a baby

run out of milk

get on well with somebody

give up a job

take off 

pick up a language

move back

take away

grow up

put on clothes

try something on

look for something

turn round

turn something off

throw something away

get on with

UNIT 4

Countable Nouns

Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted. Most nouns in English are countable.

Examples:

• I have two dogs.
• Sandra has three cars.
• Jessie has ten dollars.

Uncountable Nouns

Uncountable nouns are not counted in English. This usually has to do with the way English speakers think of these nouns. We often picture these nouns as a single concept or one big thing which is hard to divide. Many of these words are countable in other languages, but they ARE NOT countable in English. Generally, we do not use plural forms of these words; however some of these words do end in "s", so don't get confused.

Examples:

• Mack drinks a lot of water.
• Cindy gives great advice.
• Paul enjoys politics. Ends with "s" but uncountable

Uncountable nouns tend to belong to one of the following categories:

Liquids and Gases

• water
• coffee
• milk
• air
• oxygen

Solid and Granular Substances

• wood
• metal
• cheese
• sand
• rice

Energy Words and Forces

• electricity
• sunshine
• radiation
• heat
• magnetism

Subjects

• French
• chemistry
• economics
• science
• math

Grouped Concepts

• fruit
• money
• food
• vocabulary
• news

Information and Abstract Concepts

• information
• advice
• education
• democracy
• intelligence

Uncountable Plurals

Sometimes in English, we do use uncountable nouns in plural forms. This is most commonly done with liquids and substances. It usually takes on the meaning of "cups of", "bottles of" or "types of".

Examples:

• We'll have two coffees. Cups of coffee
• I bought three waters. Bottles of water
• The company produces two leathers. Types of leather

Different Meanings

There are certain words which have multiple meanings. It is possible for one meaning to be countable and the other to be uncountable. Take for example the word "light":

Examples:

• I couldn't see anything because there was no light. Uncountable noun
• The Christmas tree was covered with hundreds of lights. Countable noun

Generally, the rules are still the same. The first use of "light" is a form of energy. The second use of "light" means "small light bulbs", which are normal countable objects.

Countable vs Uncountable Noun Exercise

Much vs Many Exercise

A little vs A few Exercise 

More Exercises 

Definite and indefinite articles

---

What is an article?

Basically, articles are either definite or indefinite. They combine to a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun.

• The definite article is the.
• The indefinite article is a / an.

The indefinite article a or an:

The article a / an is used when we don't specify the things or people we are talking about:

• I met a friend.
• I work in a factory in New York.
• I borrowed a pencil from a passenger sitting next to me.

The indefinite article a is used before a consonant sound:

• a dog.
• a pilot
• a teacher.
• a university

NOTE:
Although 'university' starts with the vowel 'u', it is not pronounced as such. It is pronounced as a consonant sound /ju:.niv3:.si.ti/
The indefinite article an is used before a vowel sound:

• an engineer.
• an elephant.
• an athlete

The definite article the:

It's used when the speaker talks about a specific object that both the person speaking and the listener know.

• The car over there is fast.
• The president of the United States is giving a speech tonight.

When we speak of something or someone for the first time we use a or an, the next time we repeat that object we use the definite article the.

• I live in a house. The house is quite old and has four bedrooms.
• I ate in a Chinese restaurant. The restaurant was very good.

No article:

1. Do not use an article with countries, states, counties or provinces, lakes and mountains except when the country is a collection of states such as "The United States".

• He lives in Washington near Mount Rainier.
• They live in Northern British Columbia.
• They climbed Mount Everest.

2. we do not normally use an article with plurals and uncountable nouns to talk about things in general.:

• He writes books.
• She likes sweets.
• Do you like jazz music?
• She ate bread with butter in the morning.

Countable and uncountable nouns

Using English articles with countable and uncountable nouns may be confusing.
The can be used with uncountable nouns, or the article can be dropped entirely as mentioned above.

1. "The two countries reached the peace after a long disastrous war" (some specific peace treaty) or "The two countries reached peace after a long disastrous war" (any peace).
2. "He drank the water" (some specific water- for example, the water his wife brought him from the kitchen) or "He drank water." (any water)

It is unusual to use a/an for uncountable nouns. You can't say "I'd like a milk"
a/an can be used only with countable nouns.

1. I'd like a piece of cake.
2. I lent him a book.
3. I drank a cup of tea.

Exercise on articles 

READING: No Ordinary Place to Eat

Check the words and phrases

ordinary	excitement	huge	hang	Crane
diner	Seat belt	Chef	branch	Sunken platform
Loo	Tiny	Courage	amazement	Wave
quiet	wind	Descend	Pearl	oyster
Spiral stairs	Speechless	spectacular	fabulous	Magical
last	waiter	Touch-screen	Pick up	Freshly cooked
Pot	Spiral tube	Land (v)	portion	Debit

UNIT 3

UNIT 3: WHAT'S IN THE NEWS














Dear All!
Hope everything is great.  In this unit, you learnt Past Simple and Past Continuous Tenses. Let's see what they are.

As you know we add 'ed' at the end of the verb, yet you need to know irregular verbs. Click here for irregular verbs.

Past Simple

Examples:

• You called Debbie.
• Did you call Debbie?
• You did not call Debbie.

Complete List of Simple Past Forms 

Most Verbs

Most verbs conjugate by adding -ed like the verb "wait" below.

Positive	Negative	Question
I waited.	I did not wait.	Did I wait?
You waited.	You did not wait.	Did you wait?
We waited.	We did not wait.	Did we wait?
They waited.	They did not wait.	Did they wait?
He waited.	He did not wait.	Did he wait?
She waited.	She did not wait.	Did she wait?
It waited.	It did not wait.	Did it wait?

Irregular Verbs

ositive	Negative	Question
I had.	I did not have.	Did I have?
You had.	You did not have.	Did you have?
We had.	We did not have.	Did we have?
They had.	They did not have.	Did they have?
He had.	He did not have.	Did he have?
She had.	She did not have.	Did she have?
It had.	It did not have.	Did it have?

To Be

The verb "be" is also irregular in the Simple Past. Unlike other irregular verbs, there are two Simple Past forms: "was" and "were." It also has different question forms and negative forms. Always remember that you DO NOT use "did" with the verb "be" in the Simple Past.

Positive	Negative	Question
I was.	I was not.	Was I?
You were.	You were not.	Were you?
We were.	We were not.	Were we?
They were.	They were not.	Were they?
He was.	He was not.	Was he?
She was.	She was not.	Was she?
It was.	It was not.	Was it?

Modal Verbs

Modal verbs behave very strangely in the Simple Past. The most important verb to remember is "must." Notice how it becomes "had to" in the Simple Past.

"Must" becomes "had to":

• I must call my wife now.
• I had to call my wife yesterday.

USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.

Examples:

• I saw a movie yesterday.
• I didn't see a play yesterday.
• Last year, I traveled to Japan.
• Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
• Did you have dinner last night?
• She washed her car.
• He didn't wash his car.

USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.

Examples:

• I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
• He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
• Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

USE 3 Duration in Past

The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.

Examples:

• I lived in Brazil for two years.
• Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
• They sat at the beach all day.
• They did not stay at the party the entire time.
• We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
• A: How long did you wait for them?
  B: We waited for one hour.

USE 4 Habits in the Past

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.

Examples:

• I studied French when I was a child.
• He played the violin.
• He didn't play the piano.
• Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?
• She worked at the movie theater after school.
• They never went to school, they always skipped class.

USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to."

Examples:

• She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.
• He didn't like tomatoes before.
• Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?
• People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.

IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First

Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when I dropped my pen..." or "when class began..." These clauses are called when-clauses, and they are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses.

Examples:

• When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question.
• She answered my question when I paid her one dollar.

When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not important whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar.

Example:

• I paid her one dollar when she answered my question.

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

• You just called Debbie.
• Did you just call Debbie?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

• Tom repaired the car. Active
• The car was repaired by Tom. Passive

Past Continuous

FORM

[was/were + present participle]

Examples:

• You were studying when she called.
• Were you studying when she called?
• You were not studying when she called.

Complete List of Past Continuous Forms

USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past

Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.

Examples:

• I was watching TV when she called.
• When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
• While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
• What were you doing when the earthquake started?
• I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm.
• You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.
• While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.
• Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane.
• While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off.
• A: What were you doing when you broke your leg?
  B: I was snowboarding.

USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption

In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.

Examples:

• Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
• At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.
• Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.

IMPORTANT

In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action.

Examples:

• Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner.
  I started eating at 6 PM.
• Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
  I started earlier; and at 6 PM, I was in the process of eating dinner.

USE 3 Parallel Actions

When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.

Examples:

• I was studying while he was making dinner.
• While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.
• Were you listening while he was talking?
• I wasn't paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several mistakes.
• What were you doing while you were waiting?
• Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either.
• They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.

USE 4 Atmosphere

In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past.

Example:

• When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complainingto each other about the bad service.

USE 5 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."

Examples:

• She was always coming to class late.
• He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.
• I didn't like them because they were always complaining.

While vs. When

Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when she called" or "when it bit me." Other clauses begin with "while" such as "while she was sleeping" and "while he was surfing." When you talk about things in the past, "when" is most often followed by the verb tense Simple Past, whereas "while" is usually followed by Past Continuous. "While" expresses the idea of "during that time." Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts of the sentence.

Examples:

• I was studying when she called.
• While I was studying, she called.

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings forMixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Past.

Examples:

• Jane was being at my house when you arrived. Not Correct
• Jane was at my house when you arrived. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

• You were just studying when she called.
• Were you just studying when she called?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

• The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store. Active
• The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store. Passive

HOMEWORK  

Past Simple or Past Continuous

Past Simple or Past Continuous